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This is a non-exhaustive list of healthcare facilities and professionals with experience in providing frostbite care around the world, including healthcare facilities with established frostbite care pathways and protocols. The aim of this list is to facilitate frostbite care access and collaboration in providing frostbite care.
Healthcare professionals may use this “Transfer of Care Form” to provide information to the next provider of care when transferring a patient from one healthcare facility to another (e.g. patient details, frostbite injury/event description and treatment provided).
For any other inquiries, visit the Canadian Frostbite Care Network Contact page.
The Canadian Frostbite Care Network does not provide formal medical consultations or specific medical advice. Frostbite assessment and care is variable between centres and physicians, as currently there is no clearly defined standard of care in the medical literature.
Patients are encouraged to connect with their local care teams through the Emergency Department and/or Primary Care provider, who are best positioned to facilitate consultation and/or transfer of care to appropriate local specialists or one of the centres listed below.
Alberta
ALBERTA CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL
28 Oki Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T3B 6A8, Canada
Direct point of contact:
Dr. Simon J Parson
Dr. Frankie Fraulin
Services offered:
formal frostbite treatment protocol in place
ability to conduct remote, virtual assessments
thrombolytics
Iloprost
hyperbaric oxygen (HBO)
specialist surgery
wound care nursing support
in-patient beds
formal perfusion imaging (technetium, angiography, microangiography, SPECT)
clinic follow up
---
FOOTHILLS MEDICAL CENTRE
1403 29st NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Direct point of contact:
Burns surgeon
For care providers:
Referral, Access, Advice, Placement, Information & Destination (RAAPID)
RAAPID South for patients in and south of Red Deer, Alberta
1-800-661-1700 (Canada ONLY)
403-944-4486
Services offered:
formal frostbite treatment protocol in place
ability to conduct remote, virtual assessments
thrombolytics
Iloprost
hyperbaric oxygen (HBO)
specialist surgery
wound care nursing support
in-patient beds
formal perfusion imaging (technetium, angiography, microangiography, SPECT)
clinic follow up
---
ROYAL ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL
10240 Kingsway NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Direct point of contact:
For care providers:
Referral, Access, Advice, Placement, Information & Destination (RAAPID)
RAAPID North (for patients north of Red Deer, Alberta)
1-800-282-9911 (Canada ONLY)
780-735-0811
Services offered:
formal frostbite treatment protocol in place
ability to conduct remote, virtual assessments
thrombolytics
Iloprost
hyperbaric oxygen (HBO)
specialist surgery
wound care nursing support
in-patient beds
formal perfusion imaging (technetium, angiography, microangiography, SPECT)
clinic follow up
---
UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA HOSPITAL
8440 112st NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Direct point of contact:
Burns surgeon
For care providers:
Referral, Access, Advice, Placement, Information & Destination (RAAPID)
RAAPID North (for patients north of Red Deer, Alberta)
1-800-282-9911 (Canada ONLY)
780-735-0811
Services offered:
formal frostbite treatment protocol in place
ability to conduct remote, virtual assessments
thrombolytics
Iloprost
hyperbaric oxygen (HBO)
specialist surgery
wound care nursing support
in-patient beds
formal perfusion imaging (technetium, angiography, microangiography, SPECT)
clinic follow up
---
British Columbia
INTERIOR HEALTH AUTHORITY
Cariboo Memorial Hospital, 100 mile District Hospital, Royal Inland Hospital, Shuswap Lake General Hospital, Kelowna General Hospital, Kootenay Lake Hospital, East Kootenay Regional Hospital and Golden and District Hospital, British Columbia, Canada
Direct point of contact:
Services offered:
formal frostbite treatment protocol in place
thrombolytics
iloprost
specialist surgery
wound care nursing support
in-patient beds
formal perfusion imaging (technetium, angiography, microangiography, SPECT)
clinic follow up
---
Nova Scotia
QEII HEALTH SCIENCES CENTRE, NOVA SCOTIA HEALTH
1796 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3A6
Direct point of contact:
Dr. Jack Rasmussen
Pharmacy Department
Jessica Sellers
Services offered:
formal frostbite treatment protocol in place
ability to conduct remote, virtual assessments
thrombolytics
iloprost
specialist surgery
formal perfusion imaging (technetium, angiography)
in-patient beds
clinic follow up
---
Quebec
CENTRE DE SANTÉ INUULITSIVIK
764 rue Sivuarapik, Puvirnituq, Québec, J0M 1P0, Canada
Direct point of contact:
Médecin de l'unité de soins
Services offered:
formal frostbite treatment protocol in place
ability to conduct remote, virtual assessments
thrombolytics
Iloprost
wound care nursing support
in-patient beds
clinic follow up
---
HÔPITAL RÉGIONAL ST-JÉRÔME, QUÉBEC
290 rue de Montigny, Saint Jérôme, Québec, J7Z 5T3, Canada
Direct point of contact:
Dr. Éric Contan, MD, M.Sc, CCFP-EM
Services offered:
thrombolytics
Iloprost
hyperbaric oxygen (HBO)
specialist surgery
wound care nursing support
in-patient beds
formal perfusion imaging (technetium, angiography, microangiography, SPECT)
clinic follow up
---
UNGAVA TULATTAVIK HEALTH CENTRE (UTHC)
Kuujjuaq, Québec, Canada
Direct point of contact:
Services offered:
formal frostbite treatment protocol in place
thrombolytics
Iloprost
in-patient beds
clinic follow up
---
Yukon
WHITEHORSE GENERAL HOSPITAL, YUKON HOSPITALS
Yukon Surgical Clinic, Whitehorse General Hospital, Whitehorse, Yukon, Y1A 3H7, Canada
Direct point of contact:
Dr. Alex Poole
Pharmacy department
Josianne Gauthier
Services offered:
formal frostbite treatment protocol in place
ability to conduct remote, virtual assessments
thrombolytics
iloprost
specialist surgery
wound care nursing support
in-patient beds
clinic follow up
---
HELSINKI BURN CENTRE, DEPARTMENT OF PLASTIC SURGERY
Turuntie 150, 02740 Espoo, Finland
Direct point of contact:
Dr. Andrew Lindford
Services offered:
formal frostbite treatment protocol in place
ability to conduct remote, virtual assessments
thrombolytics
Iloprost
hyperbaric oxygen (HBO)
specialist surgery
wound care nursing support
in-patient beds
formal perfusion imaging (technetium, angiography, microangiography, SPECT)
clinic follow up
---
IFREMMONT
Hopitaux des Pays du Mont Blanc, 559 route des pélerins, 74400 Chamonix , FRANCE
Pierre Doctors: Pascal Zellener, Pierre Muller, Francois Lecoq, Guy Duperrex
Services offered:
formal frostbite treatment protocol in place
ability to conduct remote, virtual assessments
iloprost
hyperbaric oxygen (HBO)
specialist surgery
wound care nursing support
in-patient beds
formal perfusion imaging (technetium, angiography, microangiography, SPECT)
clinic follow up
---
CIWEC HOSPITAL
Lainchaur, Kathmandu, Nepal
Direct point of contact:
Dr. Suvash Dawadi
Services offered:
formal frostbite treatment protocol in place
ability to conduct remote, virtual assessments
iloprost
specialist surgery
wound care nursing support
in-patient beds
clinic follow up
TIMARU HOSPITAL
14 Queens Street, Timaru. 7910. New Zealand
Direct point of contact:
Dr. Robin Barraclough
Services offered:
ability to conduct remote, virtual assessments
thrombolytics
iloprost
wound care nursing support
in-patient beds
clinic follow up
---
DR. RICHARD D PRICE
248 Hadlow Road RD4 Timaru. 7974. New Zealand
Direct point of contact:
Dick Price
Services offered:
ability to conduct remote, virtual assessments
clinic follow up
---
FROSTBITE CLINIC
UHCW NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Rd, Coventry CV4 7HH
Direct point of contact:
Prof Imray, Specialist Surgical Services, 3rd Floor
Services offered:
formal frostbite treatment protocol in place
ability to conduct remote, virtual assessments
thrombolytics
Iloprost
hyperbaric oxygen (HBO)
specialist surgery
wound care nursing support
in-patient beds
formal perfusion imaging (technetium, angiography, microangiography, SPECT)
clinic follow up
---
207TH AVIATION, ALASKA ARMY NATIONAL GUARD
JBER Hospital, Anchorage Alaska 99505, USA
Direct point of contact:
Titus Rund DO, MPH
Services offered:
thrombolytics
specialist surgery
wound care nursing support
in-patient beds
formal perfusion imaging (technetium, angiography, microangiography, SPECT)
clinic follow up
---
ALASKA REGIONAL HOSPITAL
2801 DeBarr Rd Anchorage, AK 99508
Direct point of contact:
Dr. Jennifer Dow, MD
Services offered:
formal frostbite treatment protocol under development
ability to conduct remote, virtual assessments
thrombolytics
specialist surgery
wound care nursing support
in-patient beds
---
HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE
701 Park Ave, Minneapolis, MN 55415, United States
Contact:
1-800-424-4262 or 612-873-3000
Services offered:
formal frostbite treatment protocol in place
ability to conduct remote, virtual assessments
thrombolytics
iloprost
specialist surgery
in-patient beds
formal perfusion imaging (technetium, angiography, microangiography, SPECT)
clinic follow up
---
REGIONS HOSPITAL BURN CENTER
640 Jackson St, St Paul, Minneapolis, MN 55101, United States
Contact:
1-800-922-2876 (BURN)
Services offered:
formal frostbite treatment protocol in place
ability to conduct remote, virtual assessments
thrombolytics
iloprost
specialist surgery
in-patient beds
formal perfusion imaging (technetium, angiography, microangiography, SPECT)
clinic follow up
Click Here And Start Typing
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Lorentzen AK, Penninga L. Frostbite-A Case Series From Arctic Greenland. Wilderness Environ Med. 2018 Sep;29(3):392–400.
Zhang Y, Song J, Huang G. Comprehensive Treatment of Single Finger Frostbite: A Case Study. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2021 May 7;42(3):555–9.
McIntosh SE, Freer L, Grissom CK, Auerbach PS, Rodway GW, Cochran A, et al. Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Frostbite: 2019 Update. Wilderness Environ Med. 2019 Dec 1;30(4):S19–32.
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Endorf FW, Nygaard RM. Social Determinants of Poor Outcomes Following Frostbite Injury: A Study of the National Inpatient Sample. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2021 Nov 24;42(6):1261–5.
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Higdon B, Youngman L, Regehr M, Chiou A. Deep Frostbite Treated With Hyperbaric Oxygen and Thrombolytic Therapies. Wounds Compend Clin Res Pract. 2015 Aug;27(8):215–23.
Davis A, Sinopoli B, Mann N, Stenbit AE. A Photographic Case of Frostbite Treated with Delayed Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy. High Alt Med Biol. 2022 Jun;23(2):194–7.
Coward A, Endorf FW, Nygaard RM. Revision Surgery Following Severe Frostbite Injury Compared to Similar Hand and Foot Burns. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2022 Sep 1;43(5):1015–8.
Endorf FW, Nygaard RM. Social Determinants of Poor Outcomes Following Frostbite Injury: A Study of the National Inpatient Sample. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2021 Nov 24;42(6):1261–5.
Rossis CG, Yiacoumettis AM, Elemenoglou J. Squamous cell carcinoma of the heel developing at site of previous frostbite. J R Soc Med. 1982 Sep;75(9):715–8.
Mohr WJ, Jenabzadeh K, Ahrenholz DH. Cold injury. Hand Clin. 2009 Nov;25(4):481–96.
Weatherley-White RCA, Sjostrom B, Paton BC. Experimental studies in cold injury: II. The pathogenesis of frostbite. J Surg Res. 1964 Jan 1;4(1):17–22.
Quintanilla R, Krusen FH, Essex HE. Studies on frost-bite with special reference to treatment and the effect on minute blood vessels. Am J Physiol. 1947 Apr;149(1):149–61.
Zhang Y, Song J, Huang G. Comprehensive Treatment of Single Finger Frostbite: A Case Study. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2021 May 7;42(3):555–9.
Quintanilla R, Krusen FH, Essex HE. Studies on frost-bite with special reference to treatment and the effect on minute blood vessels. Am J Physiol. 1947 Apr;149(1):149–61.
Gauthier J, Morris-Janzen D, Poole A. Iloprost for the treatment of frostbite: a scoping review. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2023 Dec;82(1):2189552.
Quintanilla R, Krusen FH, Essex HE. Studies on frost-bite with special reference to treatment and the effect on minute blood vessels. Am J Physiol. 1947 Apr;149(1):149–61.
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McCauley RL, Hing DN, Robson MC, Heggers JP. Frostbite injuries: a rational approach based on the pathophysiology. J Trauma. 1983 Feb;23(2):143–7.
Heggers JP, Robson MC, Manavalen K, Weingarten MD, Carethers JM, Boertman JA, et al. Experimental and clinical observations on frostbite. Ann Emerg Med. 1987 Sep;16(9):1056–62.
McCauley RL, Hing DN, Robson MC, Heggers JP. Frostbite injuries: a rational approach based on the pathophysiology. J Trauma. 1983 Feb;23(2):143–7.
Heggers JP, Robson MC, Manavalen K, Weingarten MD, Carethers JM, Boertman JA, et al. Experimental and clinical observations on frostbite. Ann Emerg Med. 1987 Sep;16(9):1056–62.
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Ghumman A, St Denis-Katz H, Ashton R, Wherrett C, Malic C. Treatment of Frostbite With Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: A Single Center’s Experience of 22 Cases. Wounds Compend Clin Res Pract. 2019 Dec;31(12):322–5.
Magnan MA, Gayet-Ageron A, Louge P, Champly F, Joffre T, Lovis C, et al. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy with Iloprost Improves Digit Salvage in Severe Frostbite Compared to Iloprost Alone. Med Kaunas Lith. 2021 Nov 22;57(11):1284.
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Hutchison RL, Miller HM, Michalke SK. The Use of tPA in the Treatment of Frostbite: A Systematic Review. Hand N Y N. 2019 Jan;14(1):13–8.
Heard J, Shamrock A, Galet C, Pape KO, Laroia S, Wibbenmeyer L. Thrombolytic Use in Management of Frostbite Injuries: Eight Year Retrospective Review at a Single Institution. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2020 May 2;41(3):722–6.
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Nygaard RM, Lacey AM, Lemere A, Dole M, Gayken JR, Lambert Wagner AL, et al. Time Matters in Severe Frostbite: Assessment of Limb/Digit Salvage on the Individual Patient Level. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2017 Feb;38(1):53–9.
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Ilomedin Package Insert. Bayer HealthCare
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